Wednesday, 25 January 2012

Major record lables

the big 4 - sony/BMG
              - warner brothers
              - universal
              - EMI

Past Questions

Jan 2009: Production and distribution methods.

June 2009: Importnce of technological convergence to audiences and institutions.

Jan 2010: Domination of global institution selling to national audiences - agree/disagree.

June 2010: Sgnificance of continueing development of digital technology for audience an dinstitutions.

Jan 2011: Issues raised be media ownership in production and exchange of texts.

 

Wednesday, 4 January 2012

Music Industry Terminology

Convergence of Technology - The move from analogue to digital.
Convergence of Industrial Activity - All industries owned by same company.

Synergy - 2 or more industries combine to produce a result that they can't achive by themselves, it benefits both. e.g. marks and spencers ad and x factor.

Conglomerate - A company of companies e.g. sony

Globalisation - worldwide, whole industry operating on a global scale, can be positive or negative (good for business, but usually bad for local people as it leaves them with restricted opportunities), record company that sells it products on a worldwide basis.

Analogue Music - for example vinal records.

Digitalistion - Switching from analogue to digital.
                  -MP3 used to be WAV
                     3mb                   40mb
                  - CD's used to be recoards (analogue)
                  - easyer to copy digital (MP3,CD etc) than analogue (vinal recoards) so piracy is now an issue.
                                              
Vertical Integration - The merge or takeover of companies operating at different stages of the process of
                                 the production/distribution process.
                              - e.g.
Horizontal Integration - A (major) record lable owns a number of other (subsidiary) record lables.

Major Record Lable - EMI, Sony BMG, Universal Music Group and Warner Music Group together
                                   make up the list of Big Four record labels.
                                - An "major" is defined as a multinational company which (together with the companies
                                   in its group) has more than 5% of the world market for the sale of records/music 
                                   videos.

Subsidary Lable - A record lable in horosontal integrigation that is owned by a larger record lable.
                         - Usually small independent lables that have become succsessful and then taken over by
                            larger companies.  
                     
Independent Lable - a record label operating without the funding of or outside the organizations of the major
                                recoard lables
                              
Niche Audience - Small fragment of a specialist audience.
                         - The targeting of a small but significant group of consumers with a media product directed
                            specifically at their interests.
                         - Works on a global level.

Mainstream Audience

Fans

Active Audience - people who self promote music to other people as a hobby (unpaid)

Audiophiles - people who are interested in high quality files.
                  
Early Adopters - - early adopters of music/technology.

Consumption

Web 2.0 - an interactive use of the web.

Meta-tags / Personalisation - information ithin the file.
                                          - gener - albums - artist - rating

Download

Streaming

Peer to Peer -
                    - e.g. limewire.

Piracy

Portability / Miniaturisation

Multi-track

Sampling

Digital Audio Workstation (DAW) - A computer based service for editing material.

A&R - Artists and Repertoire

Record Deal - Contract - royalties

Distribution

Plugging / Marketing - the process designed to ensure the commercialand financil success of a product and
                                  a healthy return on money invested