the big 4 - sony/BMG
- warner brothers
- universal
- EMI
Wednesday 25 January 2012
Past Questions
Jan 2009: Production and distribution methods.
June 2009: Importnce of technological convergence to audiences and institutions.
Jan 2010: Domination of global institution selling to national audiences - agree/disagree.
June 2010: Sgnificance of continueing development of digital technology for audience an dinstitutions.
Jan 2011: Issues raised be media ownership in production and exchange of texts.
June 2009: Importnce of technological convergence to audiences and institutions.
Jan 2010: Domination of global institution selling to national audiences - agree/disagree.
June 2010: Sgnificance of continueing development of digital technology for audience an dinstitutions.
Jan 2011: Issues raised be media ownership in production and exchange of texts.
Wednesday 4 January 2012
Music Industry Terminology
Convergence of Technology - The move from analogue to digital.
Convergence of Industrial Activity - All industries owned by same company.
Synergy - 2 or more industries combine to produce a result that they can't achive by themselves, it benefits both. e.g. marks and spencers ad and x factor.
Conglomerate - A company of companies e.g. sony
Globalisation - worldwide, whole industry operating on a global scale, can be positive or negative (good for business, but usually bad for local people as it leaves them with restricted opportunities), record company that sells it products on a worldwide basis.
Analogue Music - for example vinal records.
Digitalistion - Switching from analogue to digital.
-MP3 used to be WAV
3mb 40mb
- CD's used to be recoards (analogue)
- easyer to copy digital (MP3,CD etc) than analogue (vinal recoards) so piracy is now an issue.
Vertical Integration - The merge or takeover of companies operating at different stages of the process of
the production/distribution process.
- e.g.
Horizontal Integration - A (major) record lable owns a number of other (subsidiary) record lables.
Major Record Lable - EMI, Sony BMG, Universal Music Group and Warner Music Group together
make up the list of Big Four record labels.
- An "major" is defined as a multinational company which (together with the companies
in its group) has more than 5% of the world market for the sale of records/music
videos.
Subsidary Lable - A record lable in horosontal integrigation that is owned by a larger record lable.
- Usually small independent lables that have become succsessful and then taken over by
larger companies.
Independent Lable - a record label operating without the funding of or outside the organizations of the major
recoard lables
Niche Audience - Small fragment of a specialist audience.
- The targeting of a small but significant group of consumers with a media product directed
specifically at their interests.
- Works on a global level.
Mainstream Audience
Fans
Active Audience - people who self promote music to other people as a hobby (unpaid)
Audiophiles - people who are interested in high quality files.
Early Adopters - - early adopters of music/technology.
Consumption
Web 2.0 - an interactive use of the web.
Meta-tags / Personalisation - information ithin the file.
- gener - albums - artist - rating
Download
Streaming
Peer to Peer -
- e.g. limewire.
Piracy
Portability / Miniaturisation
Multi-track
Sampling
Digital Audio Workstation (DAW) - A computer based service for editing material.
A&R - Artists and Repertoire
Record Deal - Contract - royalties
Distribution
Plugging / Marketing - the process designed to ensure the commercialand financil success of a product and
a healthy return on money invested
Convergence of Industrial Activity - All industries owned by same company.
Synergy - 2 or more industries combine to produce a result that they can't achive by themselves, it benefits both. e.g. marks and spencers ad and x factor.
Conglomerate - A company of companies e.g. sony
Globalisation - worldwide, whole industry operating on a global scale, can be positive or negative (good for business, but usually bad for local people as it leaves them with restricted opportunities), record company that sells it products on a worldwide basis.
Analogue Music - for example vinal records.
Digitalistion - Switching from analogue to digital.
-MP3 used to be WAV
3mb 40mb
- CD's used to be recoards (analogue)
- easyer to copy digital (MP3,CD etc) than analogue (vinal recoards) so piracy is now an issue.
Vertical Integration - The merge or takeover of companies operating at different stages of the process of
the production/distribution process.
- e.g.
Horizontal Integration - A (major) record lable owns a number of other (subsidiary) record lables.
Major Record Lable - EMI, Sony BMG, Universal Music Group and Warner Music Group together
make up the list of Big Four record labels.
- An "major" is defined as a multinational company which (together with the companies
in its group) has more than 5% of the world market for the sale of records/music
videos.
Subsidary Lable - A record lable in horosontal integrigation that is owned by a larger record lable.
- Usually small independent lables that have become succsessful and then taken over by
larger companies.
Independent Lable - a record label operating without the funding of or outside the organizations of the major
recoard lables
Niche Audience - Small fragment of a specialist audience.
- The targeting of a small but significant group of consumers with a media product directed
specifically at their interests.
- Works on a global level.
Mainstream Audience
Fans
Active Audience - people who self promote music to other people as a hobby (unpaid)
Audiophiles - people who are interested in high quality files.
Early Adopters - - early adopters of music/technology.
Consumption
Web 2.0 - an interactive use of the web.
Meta-tags / Personalisation - information ithin the file.
- gener - albums - artist - rating
Download
Streaming
Peer to Peer -
- e.g. limewire.
Piracy
Portability / Miniaturisation
Multi-track
Sampling
Digital Audio Workstation (DAW) - A computer based service for editing material.
A&R - Artists and Repertoire
Record Deal - Contract - royalties
Distribution
Plugging / Marketing - the process designed to ensure the commercialand financil success of a product and
a healthy return on money invested
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